- Visibility 423 Views
- Downloads 485 Downloads
- Permissions
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijn.2025.019
-
CrossMark
Perinatal depression physical symptoms assessment using PHQ9
- Author Details:
-
Anupama Reddy Korlakunta *
-
Sangeeta Shah
-
Dimple Guasa
-
Srija Avula
-
Koshika Maurya
Anupama Reddy Korlakunta *
Sangeeta Shah
Dimple Guasa
Srija Avula
Koshika Maurya
Background: Perinatal depression is found in ten to twenty percent of women, which is defined as depression in women during pregnancy or in the postnatal period up to 12 months postpartum (Woody et al. 2017). Untreated depression is linked to long-term consequences for the mother, child, and family as well as unfavorable foetal and neonatal outcomes (Yeaton-Massey and Herrero, 2019). When evaluating depression using the EPDS, psychological symptoms could be more significant, while evaluating depression using the PHQ-9, physical symptoms might have a greater impact. In the present study the physical symptoms of perinatal depression is assessed among pregnant and nursing mothers using PHQ 9 in hospital setting.
Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective, single-center cross sectional research carried out with IEC approval at the GMCH, Secunderabad, TS, and India. The pregnant and new mothers attending Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient and admitted to inpatient ward in GMCH were contacted and explained about the proposed research and those who are willing to participate and gave informed consent were included in the study. The total participants (N= 122) completed the standardized Telugu version of nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) with Chronbach’s alpha of 0.9. The data was analysed to examine the levels of PND among the sample and the association between the predictor variables studied and perinatal depression.
Results: The results of the study showed that minimal (90.2%), mild (5.7%) to moderate (2.5%) levels of perinatal depression was found among the sample. There was significant association found between Perinatal depression and; locality (p=0.01), education of mother (p=0.01), occupation (0.10) and husband’s age (0.10).
Conclusion: The pregnant and nursing mothers in the perinatal period need to be screened for depression in hospital setting using PHQ9 for early intervention and treatment to alleviate the problems related to PND on mother and children.
Keywords: Perinatal depression Pregnancy Postnatal period PHQ-9, Psychological symptoms, Physical symptoms Maternal mental health, Obstetrics, Gynecology screening
References
- Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA and Harris MG. A systematic review and metaregression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86– 92.
- Yeaton-Massey A and Herrero T. Recognizing maternal mental health disorders: beyond postpartum depression. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;31(2):116–9.
- ACOG Committee Opinion No. 757 Summary: Screening for Perinatal Depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(5):e208–12.
- Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315(4):380–7.
- Earls MF, Yogman MW, Mattson G, Rafferty J. Committee On Psychosocial Aspects Of C and Family H. Incorporating Recognition and Management of Perinatal Depression Into Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics. 2019;143(1):e20183259.
- Learman LA. Screening for Depression in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018;61(3):525–32.
- Smith EK, Gopalan P, Glance JB and Azzam PN. Postpartum depression screening: A review for psychiatrists. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2016;24(3):173–87.
- Stewart DE, Vigod S. Postpartum Depression. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2177–86.
- Hirschtritt ME, Kroenke K. Screening for Depression. JAMA. 2017;318(8):745–6.
- Kroenke K. PHQ-9: global uptake of a depression scale. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):135–6.
- Srisurapanont M, Oon-arom A, Suradom C, Luewan S, Kawilapat S. Convergent Validity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Their Construct Correlations with Functional Disability. Healthcare. 2023;11(5):699.
- Cuidong B, Chunbo L, Qianlong D, Heng W. Reliability and validity of patient health questionnaire: Depressive syndrome module for outpatients. Sci Res Essays. 2011;6(2):278–82.
- Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Dada AO, Fasoto OO. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as a screening tool for depression in late pregnancy among Nigerian women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2006;27(4):267–272.
- Edwards E, Timmons S. A qualitative study of stigma among women suffering postnatal illness. J Mental Health. 2009;14(5):471–481.
- Sidebottom AC, Harrison PA, Godecker A, Kim H. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 for prenatal depression screening. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2012;15(5):367–74.
- Leung SS, Leung C, Lam TH, Hung SF, Chan R, Yeung T, et al. Outcome of a postnatal depression screening programme using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: a randomized controlled trial. J Public Health (Oxf). 2011;33(2):292–301.
- Yawn BP, Olson AL, Bertram S, Pace W, Wollan P, Dietrich AJ. Postpartum depression: screening, diagnosis, and management programs 2000 through 2010. Depress Res Treat. 2012;2012:363964.
- Bavle AD, Chandahalli AS, Phatak AS, Rangaiah N, Kuthandahalli SM, Nagendra PN. Antenatal depression in a tertiary care Hospital. Indian J Psychol Med. 2016;38(1)::31–5.
- Ayele T, Azale T, Alemu K, Abdissa Z, Mulat H, Fekadu A. Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care service at gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(15):e0155125.
- Gemta W. Prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depression among women following antenatal care at Shashemane health facilities, South Ethiopia. Ann Glob Health. 2015;81(1):90.
- Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Validation of the Maltese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9(2):75–80.
- Buist AE, Barnett BE, Milgrom J, Pope S, Condon JT, Ellwood DA, et al. To screen or not to screen-that is the question in perinatal depression. Med J Aust. 2002;177(7):S101.
- US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: depression in adults: screening. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/Rec ommendationStatementFinal/depression-in-adults-screening1. Accessed April 4, 2020.
- O’Connor E, Rossom RC, Henninger M, Groom HC, Burda BU. Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016; 315(4):388–
- El-Den S, Chen TF, Gan YL, Wong E, O'Reilly CL. The psychometric properties of depression screening tools in primary healthcare settings: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:503–22
- Levis B, Benedetti A, Thombs BD. Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2019;365:l1476.
- Luigi C, Cesira P, Anna O, Maria EC, Alessandra C, Gianluca S, et al. Screening for depression in primary care with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): a systematic review. J Affective Disord.
- 86 Korlakunta et al / IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences 2025;11(2):82-86
- Larry Wanga, Kurt Kroenke, Timothy E. Stump, Patrick O. Monahan. Screening for Perinatal Depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021;68:74–82.
- Von Glischinski M, von Brachel R, Hirschfield G. How depressed is “depressed”? A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis of optimal cut points for the Beck Depression Inventory revised (BDI- II). Qual Life Res. 2019;28:1111–8.
- Vilagut G, Forero CG, Barba Glia G, Alonso J. Screening for Depression in the General Population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0155431.
- Vodermaier A and Millman RD. Accuracy of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale as a screening tool in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19(12):1899–908.
- Krishnamoorthy Y, Rajaa S and Rehman T. Diagnostic accuracy of various forms of geriatric depression scale for screening of depression among older adults: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;87:104002.